Apex predators (also known as alpha, super, top- or top-level predators) are predators with no predators of their own, residing at the top of their food chain. Zoologists define predation as the killing and consumption of another organism (which generally excludes parasites and most bacteria). In this context, "apex predator" is usually defined in terms of trophic dynamics. Apex predator species occupy the highest trophic level(s) and have a crucial role in maintaining the health of their ecosystems. One study of marine food webs defined apex predators as greater than trophic level four. The apex predator concept is commonly applied in wildlife management, conservation, and ecotourism.
Food chains are often far shorter on land, with the top of the food chain limited to the third trophic level, as where such predators as the big cats, crocodilians, hyenas, wolves, or giant constrictor snakes prey upon large herbivores. Apex predators need not be hypercarnivores. For example, grizzly bears and humans are each apex predators and are omnivores.
A dog, less omnivorous than either humans or most bears, is usually more of a scavenger than a predator, but as an occasional killer of livestock or wildlife and a participant in some human hunts it qualifies as a superpredator.[citation needed] An apex predator can be defined as being too difficult to kill as to be a regular source of food for other predators. Some animals may be superpredators in some environments but not others, such as domestic dogs and cats, both of which can ravage ecosystems (see Stephens Island Wren).
Apex predators (also known as alpha, super, top- or top-level predators) are predators with no predators of their own, residing at the top of their food chain. Zoologists define predation as the killing and consumption of another organism (which generally excludes parasites and most bacteria). In this context, "apex predator" is usually defined in terms of trophic dynamics. Apex predator species occupy the highest trophic level(s) and have a crucial role in maintaining the health of their ecosystems. One study of marine food webs defined apex predators as greater than trophic level four. The apex predator concept is commonly applied in wildlife management, conservation, and ecotourism.
Food chains are often far shorter on land, with the top of the food chain limited to the third trophic level, as where such predators as the big cats, crocodilians, hyenas, wolves, or giant constrictor snakes prey upon large herbivores. Apex predators need not be hypercarnivores. For example, grizzly bears and humans are each apex predators and are omnivores.
A dog, less omnivorous than either humans or most bears, is usually more of a scavenger than a predator, but as an occasional killer of livestock or wildlife and a participant in some human hunts it qualifies as a superpredator.[citation needed] An apex predator can be defined as being too difficult to kill as to be a regular source of food for other predators. Some animals may be superpredators in some environments but not others, such as domestic dogs and cats, both of which can ravage ecosystems (see Stephens Island Wren).