James Frazer Stirling (22 April 1926 – 25 June 1992) was a British architect. Among critics and architects alike he is generally acknowledged to have been the most important and influential architect in the world, in the second half of the 20th century. His career began as one of a number of young architects who from the 1950s on questioned and subverted the compositional and theoretical precepts of the first Modern Movement. Stirling's development of an agitated, mannered reinterpretation of those precepts – much influenced by his friend and teacher, the important architectural theorist and urbanist Colin Rowe – introduced an eclectic spirit that allowed him to plunder the whole sweep of architectural history as a source of compositional inspiration, from ancient Rome and the Baroque, to the many manifestations of the modern period, from Frank Lloyd Wright to Alvar Aalto. His success lay in his ability to incorporate these encyclopaedic references subtly, within a strong and muscular, very decisive architecture of strong, confident gestures that aimed to remake urban form at a time when the forms of the historic city were being destroyed by misplaced planning policies and land speculators. For these reasons, it can be said that in his time, Stirling's architecture was the expression of a rebellion against conformity and for that reason he caused annoyance in conventional circles, which lost no opportunity to attack his work and led him to seek opportunities outside the UK.