The wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) also called Asian buffalo and Asiatic buffalo is a large bovine native to Southeast Asia. The species is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List since 1986 as the remaining population totals less than 4,000, with an estimate of fewer than 2,500 mature individuals.

The global population has been estimated at 3,400 individuals, of which 3,100 (91%) live in India, mostly in Assam.

The wild water buffalo is the ancestor of the domestic water buffalo, and the second largest wild bovid, smaller only than the Gaur.

The slightly smaller African buffalo or Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is not closely related with the water buffalo.